Leptospirosis in Cattle (Redwater of calves)

In the USA, disease in cattle is primarily due to the Leptospira serovars hardjo , pomona , and grippotyphosa . However, serovars canicola , bratislava , autumnalis , and icterohaemorrhagiae , among others, also have been isolated. Cattle are the reservoir host for serovar hardjo , type hardjobovis.

Clinical Findings:

Acute leptospirosis can be severe in calves. Serovar pomona results in the most severe disease, however other serovars can cause similar disease. Calves may have fever, anorexia, dyspnea from pulmonary congestion, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and hemolytic anemia. Body temperature may rise suddenly to 105-106°F (40.5-41°C). Hemoglobinuria rarely lasts longer than 48-72 hr. The anemia begins to improve by 4-5 days and returns to normal 7-10 days later. Serovar hardjo being a host-adapted strain, does not typically result in the acute syndrome. Morbidity and mortality are higher in calves than in adult cattle.
In older cattle, signs vary greatly and diagnosis is more difficult. Enzootic infections of naive cattle with serovar hardjo , which usually result in abnormal milk, are more obvious in dairy than in beef cattle. Signs usually are restricted to a sudden drop in milk production; a hemolytic crisis does not occur. The milk is thick, yellow, and blood-tinged, with thick clots and a high somatic cell count; milk production can drop 10-75%, depending on the infecting strain. The udder is typically soft and flabby, which is unique for leptospirosis. Milk production can return to normal in 10-14 days even in the absence of treatment; however, cows with a severe drop in production may not recover to full production during that lactation cycle.
The chronic forms of leptospirosis manifest as abortion and stillbirths, and occur with infections of serovars pomona and hardjo . Abortion generally occurs 6-12 wk after initial infection and is more common during the third trimester. Stillbirths and birth of premature or weak infected calves also occur. An abortion storm in a breeding herd is often the first indication of leptospirosis infection, because the mild initial signs often pass unnoticed. In endemically infected herds, abortions occur mostly in younger animals and are sporadic. Calves reared by previously infected cows are protected by colostral antibodies for up to 6 mo. The calves generally have an antibody titer similar to that of their dams. Infertility may also be a problem in endemically infected herds, possibly as a consequence of localization of infection in the uterus and oviducts.


Lesions:

In the acute form, anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and submucosal hemorrhages are prominent. The kidneys are swollen and dark, with multifocal petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages, and later develop pale foci of interstitial cell infiltrates. The liver may be swollen, pale, and friable, with minute areas of focal necrosis. Petechiae in other organs are seen in fulminating cases; however, in the more prevalent serovar hardjo infections, the lesions are primarily restricted to the kidneys.



Diagnosis:


Serology with paired serum samples, direct culture in special media, or fluorescent antibody techniques on tissues are used to confirm clinical and postmortem findings. In herd evaluation, sera should be obtained from various age groups. Isolation of the causative agent constitutes the most definitive diagnostic method, but because leptospires are difficult to culture, it is not commonly performed. Elimination of brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, and trichomoniasis as the cause of an abortion outbreak is suggestive of leptospirosis. MAT titers may peak before abortion because the acute infection occurred several weeks previously. Abortion due to serovar hardjo infections may occur with low or negative serologic titers.



Treatment:


Tetracycline and oxytetracycline have been reported to be successful if given early in acute cases. Erythromycin, enrofloxacin, tiamulin, and tylosin are also effective in acute cases. Oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and enrofloxacin may be useful to treat chronic infections. Blood transfusions may be indicated if anemia approaches a critical level. Treatment has limited effect on the course of disease once uremia has developed.
Management of infected herds merits special consideration. When leptospirosis is diagnosed in pregnant beef cows during the early epizootic phase, further abortions can be prevented by prompt vaccination of the entire herd and simultaneous treatment of all animals with appropriate antibiotics. Antibiotics reduce the number of leptospires in the kidneys and other tissues, at least during treatment, and provide a measure of protection until immunity is induced by vaccination. In dairy herds, generally only the sick animals should be treated with antibiotics because the loss of market milk after treatment must be considered.



Prevention:


Annual vaccinations, confinement rearing, and chemoprophylaxis are used for control. Annual vaccination should be used in closed herds, whereas semiannual vaccination should be considered for open herds. Bacterins may confer protection against abortions and death and reduce renal infections, although some infections do occur. Management methods to reduce transmission include rat control, fencing cattle from potentially contaminated streams and ponds, separating cattle from pigs and wildlife, selecting replacement stock from herds that are seronegative for leptospirosis, and chemoprophylaxis and vaccination of replacement stock. Serology may fail to identify carrier animals, however, as many will have titers

sudhakar: Kidney Infections in Dogs

sudhakar: Kidney Infections in Dogs

sudhakar: Kidney Infections in Dogs

sudhakar: Kidney Infections in Dogs

Kidney Infections in Dogs

Definition

The major function of the kidneys is to eliminate wastes and toxins from the body. When the kidneys are not working properly, these substances will accumulate and affect your pet’s health. Each kidney is made up of about one million filtering units called nephrons. This is far in excess of the number required for the kidneys to perform their normal function, so there is plenty of “reserve” capacity.

If your dog or cat develops a kidney infection, it can still maintain normal kidney function until this “reserve” capacity is used up. This means that most kidney infections can go undetected for sometime until it is fairly advanced.

Bacteria can make itself at home anywhere in the urinary tract…bladder, kidneys, or urethra (the tube through which urine flows). When the bacteria multiplies to large enough numbers, painful infections can occur. If your animal does have a kidney infection, your veterinarian will most likely prescribe oral antibiotics which will relieve the infection in 1-2 weeks. Encouraging your pet to drink more fluids will help flush the bacteria out of the urinary tract.

Symptoms

• “Squatting” numerous times but not urinating
• Pain when the kidney area is palpitated
• Appearing listless or depressed
• Loss of interest in food
• Weight loss
• Blood in the urine

How using ThePetCheckup regularly can help

If you notice any changes in your pet’s normal urinary habits, bring him/her to your veterinarian for a checkup. But in-between routine veterinary visits, using ThePetCheckup at home (we recommend every month) will help you to catch a kidney infection when it is still small and easily treatable. As with any infection, prompt treatment is needed to keep the infection from getting any worse. If left untreated, a kidney infection can turn into a serious health problem.

ThePetCheckup is an easy to use at-home, urinalysis health screen that helps you to get veterinary care at an early stage for kidney, urinary and bacterial infections. The same urinalysis test materials that are commonly used in veterinary clinics are now specially packaged for you to use at home so that you can now provide this new level of care for you dogs and cats.

sudhakar: Urinary Bladder Disease in Dogs

sudhakar: Urinary Bladder Disease in Dogs

Farewell Party at RAHTC, Karimnagar on 26-08-2009.

Breeds of Cattle

Indian cattle breeds belongs to ZEBU or BOSS INDICUS.

:: GENERAL FEATURES ::

1. Indian cattle's having Hump.
2. Pendulous Dewlap
3. Long Ears
4. Smooth Hairs


:: SPECIAL FEATURES ::

1. Resistant to high temparature
2. More Disease Resistant
3. Can Survive on Cheap & Course feeding materials
4. Low milk yield
5. Low Reproductive efficiency

Note :- There are three types of Classification of Cattle's breeds.

:: CLASSIFICATION OF CATTLE BREEDS ::

I. Milch Animals breeds
II. Duel purpose breeds
III. Draft Breeds


I. :: MILCH ANIMAL BREEDS ::

There having (4) types of animals

1. SHAHIWAL
2. THARPARKAR
3. RED SINDHI
4. GIR


II. :: DUEL PURPOSE ANIMAL BREEDS ::

There having (6) types of animals

1. Haryana
2. Ongol
3. Kankrej
4. Ratti
5. Krishnavally
6. Gelavo


III. :: DRAFT PURPOSE ANIMAL BREEDS ::

There having (9) types of animals

1. Hallikar
2. Malvi
3. Kangayam
4. Amruthmahal
5. Killary
6. Bachavath
7. Dangi
8. Nagori
9. Nimari

Birds Different Stages in Poultry

Chick / Chicken :: Male / Female up to 6 weeks of age
Grower :: Male / Female above 6 weeks and below 4 months of age
Pullet :: A Female one above 4 months and below 7 months of age
Cockrel :: A male one above 4 months and below 7 months of age
Hen :: An adult female
Cock :: An adult male
Capon :: Castrated Cock

Animal Different Stages in Dogs

Pub :: A young one of either sex
Bitch :: An adult female dog
Dog :: An adult male

Animal Different Stages in Pigs

Piglet :: A young one of either sex
Sow :: An adult female pig
Boar :: An adult male pig
Suckling :: Female pig with its offspring

Animal Different Stages in Goat

Kid :: A young one of either sex
Buck :: An adult male Goat
Doe :: An Adult female Goat
Buckling / :: Young male
Male Kid
Goatling :: Young female
Castrated :: Castrated male one
Spayed :: Castrated Female one
Suckling :: Female with its offspring

Animal Different Stages in Sheep

Lamb :: A Young one of either sex
Ram :: An Adult male sheep
Ewe :: An adult female sheep
Gimmer :: A Sheep between 1st & 2nd Shearing
Weather / Weadder :: Castrated male one
Spayed :: Castrated female
Ram Lamb / Tup Lamb :: Young male
Ewe Lamb / Gimmer Lamb :: Young female

Animal Different Stages in Horse

Foal :: A young one of either sex
Colt :: Male horse above 1 year age
Filly :: Female horse above 1 year age
Yearling :: Male or Female horse between 1-2 years age
Aged Horse :: A horse above (8) years age
Stallion :: A adult male horse
Mare :: An adult female horse
Mule :: Jack (male Donkey) X Horse (X means Crossing)
Henni :: Female Donkey X Male horse
Rig / Stud :: Castrated Male horse
Cub :: A horse with short legs
Zebraid :: Zebra X Horse (X means Crossing)

Animal Different Stages in Cattle

Calf :: A young one of either sex
Bull :: An adult un castrated male
Hiefer :: Young matured female not yet given birth to calf
Breeding Bull :: A adult male using for breeding purpose
Bullock :: Castrated Male
Cow :: A adult female which has given birth
Criptar - CHID :: Male calf with 1 & 2 testicles in abdominal cavity
Catilo :: Bison X Cattle (X means crossing)
Pienive :: Yak X Cattle (X means crossing)

ACT OF MATING

Cattle, Buffaloes :: Serving
Goat :: Serving
Sheep :: Tupping
Pings :: Coupling
Horse :: Covering

Act of Parturition

Cattle, Buffaloes :: Calving
Horse :: Foaling
Sheep :: Lambing
Goats :: Kidding
Pigs :: Farrowing
Dogs :: Wealping

Group of Animals

Cattle, Buffaloes :: Heard
Sheep :: Flock
Goats :: Flock / Band
Pigs :: Stock, Drove
Horse :: Pack

Livestock Management

Bovine :: Cattle, Buffaloes
Feline :: Cats, Tigers, Lions
Equines :: Horses
Ovines :: Sheeps
Caprin :: Goats, Deers
Swine :: Pigs
Canines :: Dogs, Foxes
Aviense :: Birds, Poultry
Rodents :: Rats, Mice, Gini Pigs
Reptiles :: Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles
Proboscida :: Elephants
Camulas :: Camels